Showing posts with label biodiversity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label biodiversity. Show all posts

Sunday, August 29, 2010

What would YOU tell the wealthy nations to do to halt biodiversity loss?

All their talk and rhetoric hasn't really worked, say Guillaume Chapron and George Monbiot (an I agree completely):
It's on course to make the farcical climate talks in Copenhagen look like a roaring success. The big international meeting in October which is meant to protect the world's biodiversity is destined to be an even greater failure than last year's attempt to protect the world's atmosphere. Already the UN has conceded that the targets for safeguarding wild species and wild places in 2010 have been missed: comprehensively and tragically.

In 2002, 188 countries launched a global initiative, usually referred to as the 2010 biodiversity target, to achieve by this year a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss. The plan was widely reported as the beginning of the end of the biodiversity crisis. But in May this year, the Convention on Biological Diversity admitted that it had failed. It appears to have had no appreciable effect on the rate of loss of animals, plants and wild places.

In a few weeks, the same countries will meet in Nagoya, Japan and make a similarly meaningless set of promises. Rather than taking immediate action to address their failures, they will concentrate on producing a revised target for 2020 and a "vision" for 2050, as well as creating further delays by expressing the need for better biodiversity indicators. In many cases there's little need for more research. It's not biodiversity indicators that are in short supply; but any kind of indicator that the member states are willing to act.

A striking example was provided last month by French secretary of state for ecology, Chantal Jouanno. She announced that there would be no further major efforts to restore the population of Pyrenean brown bears, of which fewer than 20 remain. Extensive scientific research shows that this population is not viable. European agreements oblige France to sustain the population. Yet the government knows that the political costs of reintroducing more bears outweigh the costs of inaction. Immediate special interests triumph over the world's natural wonders, even in nations which have the money and the means to protect them.

So, with help from the Guardian, they are collecting suggestions from all of us, to share with the wealthy G20 nations when they meet to discuss biodiversity in October. You still have time, until the end of August, to submit your suggestion. Note, however, that they're not looking for general, vague platitudes about "more education" or "empowerment" or "law enforcement" and the like - the G20 politicians are full of those already! What're being sought, instead, are specific concrete solutions that are backed up by science, are realistically achievable in a reasonable timeframe, and are opposed by political/financial special interests. So what political cost should the governments of wealthy nations be forced to pay (to at least put their money where their mouths are, so to speak) to conserve biodiversity?

I'm working on my own suggestion and will share it here soon.

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Wednesday, May 26, 2010

A 9-year old's lovely doodle of Rainforest Habitat on Google's homepage

Have you seen this wonderful work of art on Google's homepage today? Dare I hope this lovely treatment of the famous Google logo gets at least as much attention as their recent one on Pac-man's 30th anniversary? Perhaps not, despite being far cooler. For the rainforest habitat has been around a lot longer than Pac-man - but we've been gobbling it up almost as fast as he does those pac-dots! It is good to see, however, that at least some 9-year-olds are thinking about the rainforest more than about video games - and gratifying that this design won the top national prize in the 2010 Doodle 4 Google contest! In the International Year of Biodiversity no less.

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Alaotra Grebe: another one (that we know of) bit the dust...

London, England (CNN) -- The Alaotra Grebe, a small diving bird native to Madagascar has been officially classified extinct, according to a leading bird conservation organization.

BirdLife International reported that the species, once found on Lake Alaotra, the largest lake in Madagascar, declined rapidly due to carnivorous fish being introduced to the lake and the use of nylon gill nets by local fishermen.

"No hope now remains for this species. It is another example of how human actions can have unforeseen consequences," Dr Leon Bennun, BirdLife International's director of science, policy and information said in a statement.
via cnn.com

And so the bad news continues as we march on, oblivious, right through this Holocene mass extinction, uncaring, unaware of, or unwilling to admit our own culpability. Read the rest of the CNN story and Birdlife's report for more bad news about species on the brink. That we know of.

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Friday, May 7, 2010

How the wealth of your neighborhood and the water in your yard affect bird diversity

I wrote the following essay summarizing some early conclusions from the Fresno Bird Count for the April issue of the Yellowbill, the newsletter of Fresno Audubon. My student Brad Schleder presented some of these results as part of his masters thesis exit seminar earlier this week, and we also had a poster at the College of Science & Mathematics research poster symposium earlier today. So I thought I should also share this essay with you here:

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The American West faces a water crisis. Drought, urban growth, climate change and the continued demands of agriculture have combined to heighten the competition among water users. In California’s San Joaquin Valley, court-ordered water diversions under the Endangered Species Act have radically decreased water deliveries to many Valley farmers. A recent settlement providing for the restoration of the San Joaquin River and ongoing drought (in a region subject to repeated cycles of drought) have only exacerbated public debate about water and spurred the search for ways to conserve it. Valley farmers are experimenting with dry land farming methods, while valley cities are seeking ways to reduce urban water use. In the Fresno-Clovis Metropolitan Area, the City of Clovis already meters water use (but has relatively low water rates) and the City of Fresno will start metering water in 2013. How does our use of water (amount and method of use) affect other species such as birds that also occupy our urban landscapes? What can we do to improve the environment for ourselves and for sustaining biodiversity in the long run?

The Fresno Bird Count (FBC, http://www.fresnobirds.org/) was established by my laboratory at Fresno State in spring 2008 to begin long-term monitoring of bird species in the Fresno-Clovis metro area in part to address such questions about human actions and their effects on biodiversity. The FBC was modeled after the Tucson Bird Count which is now in its 10th year, as a citizen science project where volunteer birders from the community collaborate to gather data on bird distribution and abundance using statistically rigorous sampling and standardized census methodologies. As in Tucson, our volunteers count all the birds they can detect while standing at pre-determined fixed locations for 5 minutes each (i.e., a 5-min point count; see the FBC website for details of the protocol). Each point is a randomly selected location within a 1 km X 1 km square cell that is part of a 460 square kilometer (approx. 178 square miles) grid covering most of Fresno-Clovis and some outlying areas. In the first two years of the FBC, we have managed to survey about 180-200 of these points, and are seeking more volunteers to expand our coverage, because the more finely we can cover the highly variable urban landscape, the better our understanding of just what constitutes habitat for birds in the city and how various bird species use the spaces and resources we leave for them.

The FBC started with two broad goals: to keep track of how many birds of which species occur in the area and how their numbers change under ongoing urban growth; and, to provide basic bird data for more detailed studies focused on the connections between what we do in the urban environment and how birds respond to resulting changes in habitats. The first of such studies has just been completed by my graduate student and FBC coordinator Brad Schleder in the form of a Masters thesis. Brad focused on how we water our lawns and yards, and how the resulting residential landscapes attract different kinds of birds. After spending much of last summer driving around the city to various bird count locations to measure aspects of the habitat such as the number of trees, canopy cover, amount and height of grass, and degree of watering, Brad found some interesting patterns that may give pause even to some long-term birdwatchers living in the area. Of course, it may not surprise you to learn that we find more species of birds towards the north and north-west, in a slight trend of increasing diversity as we approach the river. On the other hand, would you have guessed that bird diversity is a good indicator of the wealth of a neighborhood? That indeed seems to be the case: more species of birds are found in wealthier neighborhoods than in poorer ones, and this is a pattern I’ve also found in Phoenix, Arizona! The reason here may have something to do with how people water their household landscapes. Brad found that poorer neighborhoods don’t water their yards quite as much as wealthier ones. This surprised us because, without metering, the cost of water is not a constraint for residents in Fresno - yet we already see a pattern predicted to occur as a result of metering! Perhaps the direct cost of water is not the only thing affecting the habitat in poorer neighborhoods; rather, landscaping one’s yard and maintaining it regularly is a costly enterprise regardless of how much water costs. If anything, the metering of water (if coupled with a rate structure designed to encourage water conservation) will only add to the burden and exacerbate the contrast in landscapes between rich and poor parts of the city! And the birds will likely notice the changes in the urban landscape and respond by changing their residential address too.

These first results from the FBC support a conclusion that is emerging from similar studies in other cities throughout the US: that biodiversity in cities is unevenly distributed, and tends to favor the rich. In other words, in addition to economic hardship, the poor also face an environmental injustice because birds (and other wildlife) will also flock preferentially to the richer neighborhoods where they may find more diverse landscaped yards with plenty of water and food. That may not be good news for Fresno and other valley cities facing tough economic challenges right now, with high levels of unemployment and rising poverty. Yet, there is also an opportunity here for city planners and developers to rethink the pattern of urban growth and plan for amenities such as more public parks and roadside landscaping that will support more biodiversity and provide greater access to nature for those who may need it the most in these troubled times.

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Published in the April issue of the Yellowbill.

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Thursday, May 6, 2010

xkcd: Desert Island

Now that's a landlubber's perspective, ain't it?

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Wednesday, May 5, 2010

The Jane Goodall of Ants: Mark Moffet on the real illegal immigrant threat to the US and other ant adventures

The Colbert ReportMon - Thurs 11:30pm / 10:30c
Mark Moffett
www.colbertnation.com
Colbert Report Full EpisodesPolitical HumorFox News

If you enjoyed that, you might also want to catch the following videos of Moffett's two earlier visits to the Colbert Nation:



On why the Chinese might get along well with ants:



The Colbert ReportMon - Thurs 11:30pm / 10:30c
Mark Moffett
www.colbertnation.com
Colbert Report Full EpisodesPolitical HumorFox News


and selling Stephen Colbert on the charm of frogs:



The Colbert ReportMon - Thurs 11:30pm / 10:30c
Mark Moffett
www.colbertnation.com
Colbert Report Full EpisodesPolitical HumorFox News

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Friday, March 19, 2010

Jane Goodall on Bill Moyers Journal

A friend texted earlier this evening to alert me that Jane Goodall would be on PBS tonight! Bill Moyers hosts this wide ranging interview with Jane Goodall which first aired on his show last November, and was rebroadcast on PBS tonight. Its amazing how much energy / spirit this lady has, having led such a remarkable life. Here's the entire interview, in two parts, followed by a short piece about her Roots and Shoots program. May she help you out of your depression, induced by the state of conservation or otherwise!




Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Thursday, March 18, 2010

David Gallo on life in the deep oceans - a TED talk

A lecture accompanied by some astonishing deep sea videos that I showed in intro bio class this week when we were discussing the potential origins of life at hydrothermal vents on the ocean bottom.

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Wednesday, March 10, 2010

The Jellyfish are coming! En Masse! To... Fresno? Come check it out this friday!

Why yes, we have a Jellyfish mass occurrence... well... occurring on the campus of Fresno State this friday afternoon! Well, ok - I'm not talking about some biblical flood in the valley (its been a wet winter, sure, but not that wet!) or that long anticipated Big One, the earthquake that cleaves coastal California off and converts all our homes here in the valley into beachfront property! No not that - that's not happening this friday (as far as I know). But the jellies will be here in spirit and data form rather than physically present, as we get a seminar from Dr. Michael Dawson of UC Merced just up the road from us. Should be a fun, fascinating talk - here's the relevant info, and you can click on the title below to read the abstract and get further details:

Phylogeny and Ecology of Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) Mass Occurrences
Friday, March 12, 2010
3:00-4:00 PM
Science II, Room 109
CSU-Fresno

And afterwards, you might ask Dr. Dawson what a marine biologist like him is doing in the Central Valley of California... do they know something we don't?

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Tuesday, March 9, 2010

Having Your Land & Sharing It, Too: A World of Reconciliation Ecology


The California State University, Fresno Consortium for Evolutionary Studies, Tri Beta Biology Honors Club, and the Department of Biology invite you to a special public lecture on March 16, 2010, at 7:30 PM in McLane Hall, room 121 as part of our ongoing Evolutionary Biology Lecture Series.

Eminent evolutionary ecologist Prof. Michael Rosenzweig is renowned for his contributions to the theoretical and empirical foundations of evolutionary ecology. He founded and continues to edit the academic journal Evolutionary Ecology Research. He is the author of a several books including "Species Diversity in Space and Time", and the popular "Win-Win Ecology" where he lays out his perspective on conserving biodiversity in places where we humans live and work, not just in remote protected areas. This approach, which he called Reconciliation Ecology, draws upon principles of evolutionary ecology in an interdisciplinary framework to develop new solutions to reconcile human development with biodiversity conservation on our planet.

Given the recent spate of depressing news about conservation in the US (about which I have recently complained, nay ranted) it is my pleasure to invite you to this talk about reconciliation ecology, which is sharply relevant right now. And since this is a public lecture, please feel free to share this announcement, and bring bring your friends and family along too!

Here's the abstract of his talk, and you can download the flyer via the link below:
Life is in peril. A mass extinction threatens to take more than 90% of the world's species. Evolution will not be able to replace these species, neither in kind nor in number. Our religious and ethical responsibilty to protect our world is challenged as never before.

But there is good news: we can prevent this mass extinction with a method called Reconciliation Ecology. Reconciliation Ecology means working out ways for us to have our land and share it too.

Reconciliation Ecology is not a pipe dream. It is widely practiced all over the world. And it is successful. Reconciliation ecology puts nature back into the everyday lives of people, surrounding us with living wonders we usually associate with a vacation in a National Park. It is not expensive and it redesigns our own habitats so that we can keep them, keep living in them, keep using them for our needs, keep earning profits in them... while at the very same time making them havens for wild species of plants and animals.

The new habitats we engineer to satisfy both our desires and the needs of nature will not resemble those of a thousand years ago. This will surely put new evolutionary pressures on the species we harbor. They will change in ways we are only beginning to study. But surely it is better to meet them halfway, better to give them a chance to adapt to us, than to let them vanish utterly and leave our grandchildren with an impoverished world that bears evidence that we did not choose to fulfill our responsibilities.

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Saturday, February 27, 2010

International Year of Biodiversity 2010 (official video)

If you are on Facebook, become a fan of the International Year of Biodiversity 2010 page for more information on the issues throughout this year.

Posted via web from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Tuesday, June 9, 2009

The Ant Whisperer on PBS (tonight if you live in the right place)





Many PBS stations will be airing this new NOVA biopic about EO Wilson's remarkable life and career tonight. Not our Valley Public Television station, though - they'd rather raise funds by broadcasting self-help guru Wayne Dyer, if you can believe it! Can't spare even one of their now four digital channels for NOVA. Such is life in this lovely valley... sigh! But, despair not if you too would rather spend time with Wilson, for you can watch all 5 chapters on the show's website, and PBS has also put the entire film on YouTube's new TV channels! So watch it online instead, if your internet tubes are broad enough...



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Friday, April 17, 2009

This might be depressing to watch...

... but probably worth watching as we head towards another Earth Day next week!






This episode of Nature airs this sunday, April 19, 2009 at 8 PM. on PBS (check local listings).


In the meantime, if you want to get a head start on your depression, here's an extended clip:






There's even a web exclusive about Gibbon matchmaking!


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Tuesday, April 7, 2009

When fishes started to walk on land and breath air

As an impressionable youth, I first saw "Life on Earth" in 1983 during my first year as an undergrad at the Institute of Science in Bombay,, pursuing a degree in zoology. And did it ever leave an impression on my mind! Of course, this was back in the days before video players, let alone DVDs. And we didn't yet have a television at home - nor do I remember the show actually being telecast in India anyway. So how did I see it? I was actually lucky enough to get to watch it projected on a big screen, with a 16mm projector whirring away quietly at the back of the big classroom. Someone at the Institute had borrowed the films for the entire series from the wonderful British Council Library! Of course, that same library which (along with the American and the Soviet ones) had already helped change the course of my life away from medical school towards zoology! Thank you Messrs. Darwin, Gould, Commoner, PGW, Steinbeck, Tolstoy... and David Attenborough. Ahh... the formative memories from those formative years. Nostalgia aside, I find it astonishing that 3 decades on, when we know so much more about the evolution of life on earth, when video technology has advanced so much, and when we have 24/7 cable channels dedicated to coverage of the living world, we still haven't seen but the one, and only, David Attenborough! Enjoy:









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Thursday, March 26, 2009

Shy flowers on a cold spring morning in the Sierra foothills (Friday Photo)

Even as California continues to experience a drought, and the region is facing water shortages, this winter-spring has brought just enough precipitation to allow the wildflowers to blanket the Sierra Nevada foothills in a riot of colors the like of which I haven't seen in the five years I've lived in this area. My colleagues and students have noticed an increasing grumpiness in me these past couple of weeks, and part of the reason is that I really want to be out there in them thar hills traipsing through the wildflowers, not cooped up in the concrete of the Science building (where, to be fair, I have had quite a few glimpses of snowclad hills this spring - but that only makes being in the office worse!)! Why do we have spring break in April in this goshdarned valley, when actual spring has long since passed us by? I know, I know, it probably has to do with a certain religious holiday in early April - but that's a subject of a rant I'll save for another day. For now, this Friday, let me share some of my attempts to capture the fleeting beauty of spring in the Sierra foothills onto a few digital images. I've managed finally to create a Flickr album to collect these images, including this one of a dewy Baby Blue Eyes and some Goldfields (I think) apparently feeling too shy and/or sleepy to face the morning sun (last tuesday) after the equinox weekend's cold snap:

blue and yellow, turning away

Click on the picture to access the entire gallery, which I hope will provide you some relief even at your computer desk. Especially if you've been following the circus of the Texas State Board of Education this week as they've been watering down (to put it mildly) their standards on how science is to be taught in that state. (And please do let me know if I've made any errors of identification - floral taxonomy is not my forte!).

Happy Spring, wherever you are! And I also wish you total blissful darkness - or romantic candlelight - this saturday when we celebrate Earth Hour!

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Friday, April 11, 2008

Of California Tiger Salamanders

ResearchBlogging.orgStudent post submitted by Christian Ramirez


The larval stage of amphibians is often used as a model for ecological processes. However, the demography, ecology, and life history of amphibians after their larval stage is not well known. The article I read focuses on describing the life history and demography of the California Tiger Salamander as well as the effects the environment has on both. The California Tiger Salamander is found mainly in the grasslands of the Central Valley as well as in the surrounding foothills and valleys.


TigerSalamanderSm.jpgThe data presented by the authors dealt with variations in the timing and magnitude of the breeding migrations. The size and age structure of breeding adults as well as the production of juveniles were also observed. Mortality rates were recorded from the metamorphic stages to adulthood. The data was collected over a seven-year time period in Carmel Valley located in Monterey County.


The test area was a pond that was fenced off from larger animals. The pond would dry up each summer and refill during the fall. There were additional ponds near the test area which provided other breeding grounds. The distance of the ponds from the test area varied from 550-3000m.


The data was collected by using drift fences surrounding the pond which would direct the salamanders into irregularly placed pitfalls. The pitfalls were placed on the outside and inside of the pond in order to record the amount of salamanders entering and leaving the pond. The pitfalls were checked every morning and captures were recorded and tagged.


The authors also used skeletochronology to estimate the individual ages of the salamanders. Skeletochronology is a technique which estimates the salamander’s age by counting lines of arrested growth (LAG) in thin cross-sections of elongate bones mostly located in the toe. It should be noted that few investigators have validated the assumptions formed by skeletochronology.


The data showed that the researchers captured and observed approximately 20% of the population. The data also showed that the males were usually the first to arrive when the pond began to fill up and stayed much later than the females. The ratio of sex usually stayed around 1:1, except for years in which the pond was not completely filled by rainfall. This was attributed to surviving females skipping breeding opportunities in years with later rainfall. When breeding occurred, the females bred an average of 1.4 times and produced an average of 8.5 young.


The data also showed that the mortality for the metamorphs in their first summer was extremely high. This was due to a low percentage of first year metamorphs being recaptured in comparison to mature salamander recapture rates. The overall estimate of juveniles that reached maturity was approximately 5%.


The conclusions that the authors came to were that an isolated breeding pond on its own is not able to sustain a long term population. In order for a population to remain stable, a female must reproduce at least one male and female offspring. Calculating the numbers, at least 18.2% of the juvenile population would have to survive in order to maintain population stability.


Because less than 50% of the population bred at the pond more than once, the authors also considered the test area as a sink habitat rather than a source habitat meaning the population at the pond was not a major one.

Although the data was well prepared and the paper well written, there are some problems with this paper. First, the authors did not study the salamanders in their terrestrial habitats. They even say that a greater focus should be put on the time salamanders spend in terrestrial areas as the population greatly decreases during that time. There could be many different evolutionary factors which play into the overall fitness of the salamanders as their size was proven to be a neglible factor. These factors could be selected for or against in the terrestrial habitats.


Another problem was that the drift fence was ineffective at times. During flooding, the salamanders were able to climb over the fence, effectively escaping capture and observation. This could have skewed the mortality, return, trespassing and breeding rates that the authors gathered over the seven year period. Mortality and survivorship were also hard to determine because adults chose to skip breeding in certain years, which could have also yielded incorrect data.


Even when they were captured, the authors had to use skeletochronology at times when the salamanders were unmarked or immigrants from the other ponds. Although the authors found that there was little error, this is still considered a new form of data analysis and is still unproven.


The authors chose to use skeletochronology because it was quicker and tagging the salamanders seemed to cause an increase in mortality. This assumption was made because the authors found they recaptured a greater amount of salamanders that were untagged in comparison to tagged salamanders.


That being said, this paper is still well done. Because less attention is given to amphibians in juvenile and adult stages of life as well as in their terrestrial habitats, there was not much precedent for the authors to draw from. By looking at what was done correctly and incorrectly in this study other researchers can formulate better experiments. This paper was a step in the right direction for the study of amphibians in the later stages of life and helped to show that all facets of life as well as all habitats should be studied in order to better understand a species.


Reference:





Trenham, P.C., Bradley Shaffer, H., Koenig, W.D., Stromberg, M.R. (2000). Life History and Demographic Variation in the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense). Copeia, 2000(2), 365. DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0365:LHADVI]2.0.CO;2




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Monday, March 10, 2008

The Birds of Pantanal, Brazil - a talk @ Fresno Audubon tomorrow night

DSC_2751.JPGHere's a promising event for a fun evening tomorrow, not too far from campus here:

MARCH MEETING: March 11, 2008. The Birds of Pantanal, Brazil
Dr. Monique Franca, a native of Brazil, will talk about the “Birds of Pantanal, Brazil.” Pantanal is a paradise for wildlife and a paradise for bird watchers! Meetings are held in the Calaveras Room on the first floor of the UC Center at 7:30 PM (550 E. Shaw Ave).
There's more about Pantanal and the speaker in the Yellowbill, Fresno Audubon's newsletter.

[From Fresno Audubon Society]

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Wednesday, February 6, 2008

Grey-Faced Sengi - in action

And if you want to communicate directly with the discoverer Francesco Rovero, tune in to Conservation International's live chat today (@ 1:00 PM EST).

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